crushing hydrogen between nickel anvils?
When hydrogen enters nano-sized defects (holes) in the lattice structure of condensed matter(a metal like nickel or iron), the hydrogen atoms pack into these holes in vast numbers to exceed 100 hydrogen atoms by number per hole. The atomic packing is so dense and the electrostatic force exerted by the walls of the hole is so great that the hydrogen degenerates into an ultra-dense hydrogen H(-1) form entangled as a fermionic condensate. A fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles. It is closely related to the Bose–Einstein condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms (deuterium) under similar conditions (aka cold fusion).
Hydrogen permeation of metals is a path to metalized hydrogen. It is well known that hydrogen can permeate to a remarkable extent various ordinary metals under conditions of ordinary pressure. In other cases it is possible that the hydrogen literally alloys itself with the metal (somewhat analogous to mercury amalgam formation). Certainly it is known that many metals remain metallic (e.g., palladium) after absorbing hydrogen
Doing the first test, .4 grams of hydrogen was loaded into a few grams of nickel. That is an enormous amount of hydrogen to pack into a very small quantity of nickel and the secret additive.
Therefore the Rossi process enables the massive packing of large amounts of hydrogen into any one of many different types of materials. Such dense packing indicates the formation of metalized hydrogen.
In detail, this is how such packing may be done:
Clusters of condensed hydrogen (Rydberg matter) of densities up to 10e29 atoms per cubic centimeter are packed into pores of solid oxide metal crystals were confirmed from time-of flight mass spectrometry measurements in experiments.
A picture of Rydberg matter as follows:
When applied to the crystal lattices of metal oxide micro and/or nano particles, a cathode material with an ultra dense packing of hydrogen might be prepared.
The ratio of hydrogen to the host metal oxide atoms might be pushed to as high as 10 to 1 or more. In contrast to gases, the appearance of ultrahigh density clusters packed within the crystal defects in the lattice structure of various solid metal oxides were observed in several experiments, where such configurations of very high density hydrogen states could be detected from SQUID measurements of magnetic response and conductivity (Lipson et al., 2005), indicating a special state of hydrogen with metallic properties. These high density clusters have a long life (Miley et al., 2009).
Hundreds of atoms of hydrogen can be packed into each crystal defect of the metal oxide as Rydberg matter. Furthermore, the densities of defects in the metal oxide may be extremely large such that average distance between Rydberg clusters amount to about 10 atoms or closer (in subsequent on-the-fly packing) in the host lattice.
Unlike the Bose–Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates are formed using fermions instead of bosons. When mechanical vibrations in the crystal lattice are produced, during the heating of the metal lattice the fermions in the hydrogen join up to form cooper pairs which then enables the formation of the fermionic condensate.
Remember, Cooper pairs provide the enabling mechanism of superconnectivity in a Mott insulator (see below)
In some fraction of this densely packed hydrogen, an atomic inversion of the hydrogen atom pairs then occurs. This is caused by a transfer of angular momentum and kinetic energy from the electron pair to the protons under the influence of the vibrations of the crystal lattice when heat is applied to initiate the reaction.
Such heating of the nickel powder is required to initiate the Rossi reaction. As described below, Mott isolation phase transition is also enabled and optimized by increasing the distance between atomic layers of oxygen and nickel as well as increasing all atomic distances. This lattice heating also transfers kinetic energy to the trapped hydrogen increasing its pressure until its transitions to a metalized state.
The protons orbit each electron in the copper electron pair which greatly decreased the atomic size and increases the density of the degenerate hydrogen. H(-1) is 130,000 times denser than protium H(1))
The electrons in a pair are not necessarily close together; because the interaction is long range, paired electrons may still be many hundreds of nanometers apart. This distance is usually greater than the average interelectron distance; so many Cooper pairs can occupy the same space. Electrons have spin1/2, so they are fermions, but a Cooper pair is a composite boson as its total spin is integer (0 or 1).
In metalized hydrogen, the electrons are unbound and behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. In liquid metallic hydrogen, protons do not have lattice ordering; rather, it is a liquid system of protons and electrons.
enough to get it moving at a velocity on the order of 100-1000m/s
The uncertainty principle is the mechanism that energizes the hydrogen to high speeds.
The uncertainty principle states that the more you know about the position of a particle, the less you know of its momentum. With degenerate matter, since the position of the subatomic particles is compressed and packed in to a very small space, we know a lot about their position - and thus their momentum becomes unpredictable. Added by entanglement and the accumulation of kinetic energy from the lattice, the more compressed the hydrogen become, the more erratically and speedier its constituent subatomic particles move - rather than being a solid, degenerate matter acts like a cold version of plasma. The pressure buildup is so intense, the atoms stop being atoms, and the nucleus of the former hydrogen atoms breaks apart into it's constituent protons, which then break apart into their constituent sub-particles (quarks and gluons), which themselves start behaving abnormally.
Furthermore, in the condensate, all the paired orbiting protons are entangled which means they share the same quantum mechanical state. Hydrogen in this state forms Rydberg matter.
I remember from reading some older LENR papers that there were little craters observed on the surfaces - obviously some pretty significant expulsion of material on microscopic scale.
This is because the cold plasma will eventually produce a high energy nuclear transition.
Somehow this cold plasma fissions to form various elements up and down the patriotic table but mostly copper and nickel because of their “magic” number.
Any Deuterium impurities in the hydrogen will make formation of a fermionic condensate impossible. This is why a small percentage (2% to 3%) of deuterium will kill the Rossi reaction.